III. HISTORY.
xv
Normandy, but had to yield his throne to Robert (922-23), brother
of Eudes, who was followed by his son-in-law Raoul (923-936). The
last three Carlovingians, Louis IV., d'Outremer (936-954), Lothaire
(954-986), and Louis V., le Faineant (986-987), were less powerful
than the Dukes of France, Hugh the Great, son of Robert, and Hugh
Capet.
Capetian Dynasty. Hugh Capbt was the founder of the third
or Capetian Dynasty (987). — Under Robert II., le Pieux (996-
1031), Henri I. (1031-60), and Philip I. (1060-1108), France
suffered from internal discord and wars with the dukes of Normandy.
First Crusade, under Godfrey de Bouillon. 1096. — Louis VI.,
le Gros (1108-1137), encouraged the establishment of 'communes',
as a check upon the power of the nobles. His minister was Suger,
Abbot of St. Denis (p. 372). — Louis VII., le Jeune (1137-80),
takes part in the Second Crusade (1147). His divorced wife, Eleanor
of Guienne and Poitou, marries Henry Plantagenet. afterwards
Henry H. of England. — Philip II., Auguste (1180-1223), under¬
takes the Third Crusade, in company with Richard Coeur-de-Lion,
1189. On his return he attacks the English possessions in France,
and defeats the English, Flemish, and German troops at Bouvines
in 1214. — Louis Vffl., le Lion (1223-26).
Louis IX., St. Louis (1226-70). This reign may be regarded as
the most flourishing period in the medieval history of France. None
of the four legitimate estates — king, barons, church, municipalities —
were unduly strong. Architecture (Gothic style) and poetry flourished.
Seventh and Eighth Crusades (to Egypt and Tunis). — Philip III.,
le Hardi (1270-86), acquires Provence by inheritance. — PhilipIV.,
le Bel (1285-1314), continues the struggle against England, and
conquers Flanders. Financial difficulties complicated by disputes
with Pope Boniface VIII., leading to the suppression of the order
of Knights Templar and the transference of the papal residence to
Avignon. Public authority ('pouvoir publique') takes the place of
feudal and ecclesiastical jurisdictions. The Etats Gcneraux convoked
for the first time. — Louis X., le Hutin (1314-16). — Philip V.,
le Long (1316-22). — Charles IV., le Bel (1322-28), dies without
issue.
House of Valois. — Philip VI. (1328-50). War with England,
1337 ('Guerre de Cent Ans', 1337-1453). Battle of Criey, 1346.
John II., U Bon (1350-64); defeated and taken prisoner by
the English at Poitiers, 1356. Etienne Marcel, prev6t des marchands,
extends the fortifications of Paris and organizes the citizens for its
defence, but is slain by an adherent of the Dauphin (1358). Peace
oiBrStigny, 1360.
Charles V., le Sage (1364-80). The English expelled by Bert-
rand du Guesclin. Foundation of the Bibliotheque Nationale, the
Bastille, and the Palais des Tournelles. Extension and re-fortiflcation
of Paris.
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